肿瘤坏死因子
TNF（全称肿瘤坏死因子，Tumor Necrosis Factor）是一种能够直接杀伤肿瘤细胞而对正常细胞无明显毒性的细胞因子，是迄今为止所发现的直接杀伤肿瘤作用最强的生物活性因子之一。最初是在1975年，由E.A. Carswell等人发现，后于1985年经Shalaby命名，由巨噬细胞产生的TNF命名为TNF-α，而由T淋巴细胞产生的淋巴毒素（lymphotoxin，LT)命名为TNF-β。
虽然TNF-α与TNF-β仅有约30%的同源性，但它们却拥有共同的受体。TNFα的生物学活性占TNF总活性的70 %～95 %，因此目前常说的TNF多指TNF-α。
TNFα是一种涉及到系统性炎症的细胞因子，主要由巨噬细胞分泌。TNFα的主要功能是调节免疫细胞，作为一种内源性致热原，可以导致发热，引起细胞凋亡，组织肿瘤发生和病毒复制，并可以通过刺激细胞分泌IL1和IL6对败血症作出反应。TNFα功能失调涉及多种疾病，比如阿尔兹海默症、银屑病、癌症、重度抑郁和肠炎等。TNF家族除这两种外还发现约30种。
华美生物TNF类蛋白产品涵盖了绝大部分TNF家族成员，这里展示了部分蛋白产品图片：
| 产品名称 |
货号 |
规格 |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A protein (TNFRSF12A), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP001931HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 protein (TNFRSF9), partial |
CSB-AP001951HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 9 (TNFSF9), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP001961HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor protein (TNF), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002141HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor protein (TNF), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002151HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor protein (TNF), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002161HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C protein (TNFRSF13C), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002181HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B (TNFSF13B), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002191HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002211HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 protein (TNFRSF17), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002271HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B),Partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002291HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B protein (TNFRSF13B), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002301HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 protein (FAS), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002311HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A protein (TNFRSF11A), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002321HU |
500ug/100ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 15 protein (TNFSF15), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002341HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18 protein (TNFSF18), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002351HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A protein (TNFRSF1A), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002361HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B protein (TNFRSF1B), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002371HU |
500ug/100ug/5ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B protein (TNFRSF11B), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP002991HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
| Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B protein (TNFRSF11B), partial (Active) |
CSB-AP003001HU |
500ug/100ug/10ug |
正如我们前面所说的，当我们提到TNF时，我们通常指的是TNFα。目前有关TNFα的作用机制已基本明了。 TNFα可以结合两种受体，TNFR1（TNF受体1型）和TNFR2（TNF受体2型）。 TNFR1可在大多数组织中表达，可以与膜上的TNF可溶性三聚体形式结合并活化。而TNFR2通常存在于免疫系统的细胞中，可以与膜结合的TNF同源三聚体形式起作用。但就目前的研究数据而言，大多数关于TNF信号传导均来自TNFR1，而TNFR2的作用就相对较小。TNFα与受体结合后，可激活多条信号通路，包括NFκB和MAPK信号传导途径。
此外，基于TNFα可以杀死肿瘤细胞这一特性， TNFα抑制剂已被用于临床。TNFα抑制剂是一种抑制对TNFα生理反应的药物。TNFα可参与自身免疫和免疫介导疾病，例如类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、炎性肠病、牛皮癣、化脓性汗腺炎和难治性哮喘，它本身就是引起炎症的一个重要因素，所有TNF抑制剂可用于这些自身免疫和免疫介导疾病的治疗。目前已上市的TNFα抑制剂包括依那西普、英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗、赛妥珠单抗和戈利木单抗，都是通过与TNFα结合来抑制其与对应受体结合起作用。
